Drugs And Crime Essay Example For Students

Drugs And Crime Essay Use federal tax dollars to fund these therapeutic communities in prisons. I feelthat if we teach these prisoners some self-control and alternative lifestylesthat we can keep them from reentering the prisons once they get out. I am alsogoing to describe some of todays programs that have proven to be veryeffective. Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the general theory of crime. ItAccording to their theory, the criminal act and the criminal offender areseparate concepts. The criminal act is perceived as opportunity; illegalactivities that people engage in when they perceive them to be advantageous. Crimes are committed when they promise rewards with minimum threat of pain orpunishment. Crimes that provide easy, short-term gratification are oftencommitted. The number of offenders may remain the same, while crime ratesfluctuate due to the amount of opportunity (Siegel 1998). Criminal offenders arepeople that are predisposed to committing crimes. This does not mean that theyhave no choice in the matter, it only means that their self-control level islower than average. When a person has limited self-control, they tend to be moreimpulsive and shortsighted. This ties back in with crimes that are committedthat provide easy, short-term gratification. These people do not necessarilyhave a tendency to commit crimes, they just do not look at long-termconsequences and they tend to be reckless and self-centered (Longshore 1998,pp.102-113). These people with lower levels of self-control also engage innon-criminal acts as well. These acts include drinking, gambling, smoking, andillicit sexual activity (Siegel 1998). Also, drug use is a common act that isperformed by these people. They do not look at the consequences of the drugs,while they get the short-term gratification. Sometimes this drug abuse becomesan addiction and then the person will commit other small crimes to get the drugsor them money to get the drugs. In a mid-western study done by Evans et al. (1997, pp. 475-504), there was a significant relationship between self-controland use of illegal drugs. The problem is once these people get into the criminaljustice system, it is hard to get them out. After they do their time and arereleased, it is much easier to be sent back to prison. Once they are out, theyrevert back to their impulsive selves and continue with the only type of lifethey know. They know short-term gratification, the quick fix if youwill. Being locked up with thousands of other people in the same situation asthem is not going to change them at all. They break parole and are sent back toprison. Since the second half of the 1980s, there has been a large growth inprison and jail populations, continuing a trend that started in the 1970s. The proportion of drug users in the incarcerated population also grew at thesame time. By the end of the 1980s, about one-third of those sent to stateprisons had been convicted of a drug offense; the highest in the countryshistory (Reuter 1992, pp. 323-395). With the arrival of crack use in the1980s, the strong relationship between drugs and crime got stronger. The useof cocaine and heroin became very prevalent. Violence on the streets that iscaused by drugs got the publics attention and that put pressure on the policeand courts. Consequently, more arrests were made. While it may seem good atfirst that these people are locked up, with a second look, things are not thatgood. The cost to John Q. Taxpayer for a prisoner in Ohio for a year is around$30,000 (Phipps 1998). That gets pretty expensive when you consider that thereare more than 1,100,000 people in United States prisons today (Siegel 1998). Many prisoners are being held in local jails because of overcrowding. This risein population is largely due to the number of inmates serving time for drugoffenses (Siegel 1998). This is where therapeutic communities come into play. The term therapeutic community has been used in many different forms oftreatment, including residential group homes and special schools, and differentconditions, like mental illness, alcoholism, and drug abuse (Lipton 1998,pp.106-109). In the United States, therapeutic communities are used in therehabilitation of drug addicts in and out of prison. These communities involve atype of group therapy that focuses more on the person a whole and not so muchthe offense they committed or their drug abuse. They use a community ofpeers and role models rather than professional clinicians. They focus onlifestyle changes and tend to be more holistic (Lipton 1998, pp. 106-109). Bygetting inmates to participate in these programs, the prisoners can break theiraddiction to drugs. By freeing themselves from this addiction they can changetheir lives. These therapeutic communities can teach them some self-control andways that they can direct their energies into more productive things, such assports, reli gion, or work. Seven out of every ten men and eight out of every tenwomen in the criminal justice system used drugs with some regularity prior toentering the criminal justice system (Lipton 1998, pp. 106-109). With that manypeople in prisons that are using drugs and the connection between drug use andcrime, then if there was any success at all it seems like it would be a step inthe right direction. Many of these offenders will not seek any type of reformwhen they are in the community. They feel that they do not have the time tocommit to go through a program of rehabilitation. It makes sense, then, thatthey should receive treatment while in prison because one thing they have plentyof is time. In 1979, around four percent of the prison population, or about10,000, were receiving treatment through the 160 programs that were availablethroughout the country (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1981). Forty-nine ofthese programs were based on the therapeutic community model, which servedaroun d 4,200 prisoners. In 1989, the percentage of prisoners that participatedin these programs grew to about eleven percent (Chaiken 1989). Some incompletesurveys state today that over half the states provide some form of treatment totheir prisoners and about twenty percent of identified drug-using offenders areusing these programs (Frohling 1989). The public started realizing that drugabuse and crime were on the rise and that something had to be done about it. Separation techniques in forensic scienceIn this study, they found a linear relationship between reduced recidivism ratesand time spent in the program as well as the level of treatment attained. Thisstudy found that it was the attainment of level progress rather than time in thetreatment that was most important. The studies done on New Yorks Stayn Outprogram and Delawares Key-Crest program are some of the first large-scaleevidence that prison-based therapeutic communities actually produce asignificant reduction in recidivism rates and show a consistency over time. Theprograms of the past did work, but before most of the programs were privatelyfunded, and when the funds ran out in seven or eight years, so did the programs. Now with the government backing these types of programs, they should continue toshow a decrease in recidivism. It is much more cost effective to treat theseinmates. A program like Stayn Out cost about $3,000 to $4,000 more than thestandard correctional costs per inmate per year (Lipton 1998, pp. 106-109). In aprogram in Texas, it was figured that with the money spent on 672 offenders thatentered the program, 74 recidivists would have to be prevented from returning tobreak even. It was estimated that 376 recidivists would be kept from returningusing the therapeutic community program (Eisenberg and Fabelo 1996, pp. 296-318). The savings produced in crime-related and drug use-associated costspay for the cost of treatment in about two to three years. The main questionthat arises when dealing with this subject is whether or not people change. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the person does not change, only theopportunity changes. By separating themselves from people that commit crimes andcommonly do drugs, they are actually avoiding the opportunity to commit thesecrimes. They do not put themselves in the situation that would allow their lowself-control to take over. Starting relationships with people who exhibitself-control and ending relationships with those who do not is a major factor inthe frequency of committing crimes. Addiction treatment is very important tothis countrys war on drugs. While these abusers are incarcerated it providesus with an excellent opportunity to give them treatment. The will not seektreatment on their own. Without treatment, the chances of them continuing onwith their past behavior are very high. But with the treatment programs we havetoday, things might be looking up. The studies done on the various programs,such as New Yorks Stayn Out and Delawares Key-Crest program, prove thatthere ar e cost effective ways available to treat these prisoners. Not only arethey cost effective, but they are also proven to reduce recidivism ratessignificantly. These findings are very consistent throughout all of theresearch, there are not opposing views. I believe that we can effectively treatthese prisoners while they are incarcerated and they can be released intosociety and be productive, not destructive. Nothing else has worked to thispoint, we owe it to them, and more importantly, we owe it to ourselves. We canagain feel safe on the streets after dark, and we do not have to spend so muchof our money to do it. BibliographyBibliographyBall, J.C., J.W. Shaffer, and D.N. Nurco. 1983. Day-to-day criminality ofheroin addicts in Baltimore: a study in the continuity of offense rates. Drugand Alcohol Dependence. 12: 119-142. Beckett, K. 1994. Setting the PublicAgenda: Street Crime and Drug Use in American Politics. SocialProblems. 41(3): 425-447. Chaiken, M.R. 1989. In-Prison Programs forD rug-Involved Offenders. Research in Brief. Washington, DC: NationalInstitute of Justice. Eisenberg, M., and Tony Fabelo. 1996. Evaluation of theTexas Correctional Substance Abuse Treatment Initiative: The impact of policyresearch. Crime and Delinquency. 42(2): 296-318. Evans, T.D., F.T. Cullen,V.S. Burton, R.G. Dunaway, and M.L. Benson. 1997. The social consequences ofself-control: Testing the general theory of crime. Criminology. 35: 475-504. Frohling, R. 1989. Promising Approaches to Drug Treatment in CorrectionalSettings. Criminal Justice Paper No. 7. National Conference of StateLegislatures, Washington, DC. Inciardi, J.A., S.S. Martin, C.A. Butzin, R.M. Hooper, and L.D. Harrison. 1997. An effective model of prison-based treatmentfor drug-involved offenders. Journal of Drug Issues. 27(2): 261-278. Longshore, D. 1998. Self-Control and Criminal Opportuinty: A Prospective Testof the General Theory of Crime. Social Problems. 45(1): 102-113. Lipton, D.S. 1998. Therapeutic communities: History, effectiveness, and prospects.Corrections Today. 60(6): 106-109. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1981. Drug Abuse Treatment in Prisons. Treatment Research Report Series. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO. Phipps, B. 1998. Criminology class lecturenotes. Reuter, P. 1992. Community Crime Prevention: a review and synthesisof the literature. Justice Quarterly. 5(3): 323-395. Siegel, L.J. 1998. Criminology. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Toumbourou, J.W., M. Hamilton, B. Fallon. 1998. Treatment level progress and time spent in treatment in theprediction of outcomes following drug-free therapeutic community treatment.Addiction. 93(7): 1051-1064. Wexler, H.K., D. Lipton, G.P. Falkin, and A.B. Rosenbaum. 1992. Outcome evaluation of a prison therapeutic community forsubstance abuse treatment. In C.G. Leukkfeld and F.M. Tims (eds.), Drug AbuseTreatment in Prisons and Jails. pp. 156-175. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO.

Managing Change at Faslane free essay sample

Source: Julia Belogun Veronica Hope Hailey As indicated above, the changes at Faslane took place in several fronts simultaneously such as People, organisational structures, systems, etc. The following examples can be extracted from the case study to reinforce my reasoning as given above; Organisational changes ? Structural change o Trimming down the management layers from seven to four. o Transforming the organization structure from functional to bureaucratic. ? Leadership change o Handing over the management of Faslane to BNS by the MOD o Reducing the entire management team from 250 to 125 and to current level of 12. Appointing a lesser number of senior managers with change management experience as opposed to a fleet of managers without any know-how. ? Strategic and re-engineering change o Re-designing the approval obtaining mechanism to consume a maximum of six days reducing from 56 days by removing unwanted review points. ? Fundamental and incremental change o Willingness of the MOD to reduce costs and enhance service levels. o Improve and enhance the operational and decision making process Systems changes ? Process oriented change Prior to change, people focused on buildings and infrastructure overlooking the service aspect, now the focus has shifted to delivering a quality service from buildings and infrastructure. Changes involving people ? Changes involving people came about by way of changing the attitudes and behaviour of people to achieve efficiency and performance improvement. This was automatically triggered as a result of other changes that took place in the organisation in terms of organisational and system changes. 2. 0 The change style of John Howie and the role he plays in the process of change tends to take the form of a Transformational leader. John Howie demonstrate most, if not all of the special attributes of a Transformational Leader, which are listed below, ? go beyond the day today management problems. ? Commit people to action and focus. ? Commitment to achieve future goals. ? Provides vision to transform the future. These characteristics are evident from his approach and initiatives throughout his stint of change management in the organization. They include, ? Getting the services from personal from BNS who has exposure to change. ? Getting people from the organization to volunteer to give change ideas. Cost reduction by creating awareness among the employees. ? Organizational Procedures/processes changes. ? Changing the responsibility and accountability structure of the senior management. ? Customer service level enhancement through changing the focus. ? Liaising with external parties to ensure the smooth functioning of the organization. 3. 0 It is of vital importance for the success of any change management proces s to pull the correct levers for change at the correct paradigm of time. As such, when analysing the case, one could observe several types of levers for change were utilized. They are; ? Commitment: communication, participation and involvement of the people who are subject to change would eliminate any fear of change. ? Customer service: tilting focus of employees from buildings and infrastructure to providing an excellent customer service. ? Changing procedures: changing existing procedures that could be an obstacle to the change process. ? Involvement: encourage the involvement of all stakeholders concerned with the process of change. Organisational structural: layoff of the cumbersome functional organisational change structure from seven layers to a more bureaucratic Structure with only four layers. ? Resourcing: Getting right people to right jobs either by external sources (new recruitments) or by the existing staff cadre. Other levers for change that can be used are; ? Performance management : introduction of performance or contribution related pay schemes. Measurement: to determine how well an employee is carrying out the required task. ? Teamwork: Team performance management by way of rewarding the best team effort. 4. 0 ? BNS may face with rising political pressure as a result of questions raised in the minds of both public and politicians alike, as to how greatly reduced cost has compromised the national security and how changing important procedures (to raise customer service standards) concerning a Naval base supporting the nations nuclear deterrent would affect the national security. Unemployment in the Dunbartonshire area may rise due to huge layoffs and voluntary redundancy plans. Therefore, former employees might have to resort for help from social welfare services which in turn would mount pressure on public to demonstrate wide spread protests against the new management of the Naval base. ? The condition of the buildings and infrastructure of the naval base may deteriorate due to partial or total negligence on part of the employees as the new management has an increased emphasis on shifting the focus of the employees in delivering an excellent customer service over the maintenance of same. . 0 It is clearly evident looking at the facts and figures that the change management process is a success. Targeted goals are achieved surpassing by huge margins well before the targeted time frames, targeted levels of service are met satisfactorily and transformation of people in the organization has lead leaders to manage people and teams to get more responsibility of their teams (Accountability and teamwork). Conclusion Managing the change process effectively is of vital importance for success of same. Applying the correct levers for change and using the correct change agents are of equal importance. Implementing change in the organization has successfully taken place as a result of motivating the employees to take part in the change process, by managing the process, by building stability in to new structures and processes and by shaping the political dynamics of change (Nadler and Tushman, 1980). Reference Amstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong’s HandBook of Human Resource Management Practice Mullins, L. J. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour

Strategic Implications of Apple Ipad on Toll Brother Operations Essay Example

Strategic Implications of Apple Ipad on Toll Brother Operations Paper Strategic Implications of Apple Pad on Toll Brother Operations Managerial Applications of Information Technology (lolls) BY Italy Abstract This paper explores the strategic Implications of supporting and implementing the Apple pad into Toll Brothers, Inc. Operations. The articles cited in this paper discuss the merits of the Apple pad, Toll Brothers operations, and the increasing place of the notebook com-putter in the workplace. The articles, however, do not intentionally support the arguments of one another, but rather serve as a basis of analysis of the rewrite of supporting the tech-oenology and implementing it into the equipment lifestyle program. Forrester (2008) jug-gets that the notebook computer is the future of workplace dynamics facilitating increased productivity, mobility, responsiveness, and customer satisfaction. Other articles suggest that the Apple pad could economically serve the role of notebook computer in enterprises. This analysis discusses these articles and makes recommendation to how the future of the equipment lifestyle program should be modified for future growth. Strategic Implications of Apple pad on Toll Brothers Operations Apple introduces the pad Apple introduces the pad and with it states Giber (2010) has officially become a media company. Media refers to all facets of mass communication from print to electronic affecting the way we receive news, communicate with family, friends, and coworkers, mar-get our products, and share Information. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Implications of Apple Ipad on Toll Brother Operations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Implications of Apple Ipad on Toll Brother Operations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Implications of Apple Ipad on Toll Brother Operations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Capitalizing on success found with Its smart-phone, the phone, Apple has decided to expand its offering with the Pad, a product poss.-tooled to compete with notebook and laptops seeking to redefine the mobile computing ex-parlance. With Apple controlling 7% (and growing) f the enterprise smartened market and the similar platform shared by the Pad according to McLean (2010) this newest offer-ins prompts the need for an analysis of the strategic implications of implementing this technology into Toll Brothers operations. The pad just a new product for consumers; the company is targeting the new device at business users with features designed to make it attractive suggests McLean (2010). Ted Schedule, an analyst at Forrester Research, is quoted as stating that the pad most likely will enter the enterprise through the consumer door, much as the Phone did (Humble, 2010). Evidencing the emergence of Phones within corporate enterprise Humble (2010) notes that 20% of companies support Phones and that the requirements to accommodate and Implement the Pad are McLean (2010) supports Humbleness? similar In context to that of the phone. Assessment Day noting Tanat Apple silence Opinion 2. 0 NAS Marlene Its security profile, added Exchange support, and created mass congou-ration and deployment tools at the enterprise level. Moreover, with the release of the pad Apple has added further enterprise refinements such as file sharing and multiple file for-mat reading tit future features such as network printing and VP N forthcoming according to McLean (2010). McLean (2010) further notes that this foray into the enterprise market is being met with acceptance by corporate America with 70% of the Fortune 100 comma-nines now actively piloting or deploying support for phone (the same operating platform as the pad). This requires a proactive position by Toll Brothers to be aware of current position in the enterprise market, future ambitions, and address them head on as the technology enters into enterprise use through consumer hands. Toll Brothers an Innovative Company Toll Brothers, an innovative company, holds the title as the largest luxury home builder, has been building and selling residential product since 1967. Operating in the midst of a five-year recession, the company has watched its revenue decline from $6. 12 billion in fiscal year 2006 to $1. 76 billion for fiscal year 2009. This decline in revenue is attributed to reduced absorption of product into the marketplace causing a peak of 8,800 delivered units in fiscal year 2006 to fall to 3,000 residential units in fiscal year 2009. Fish-cal year 2010 projects to deliver between 2,100 and 2,750 units to market. Despite this De-cline Toll enjoys strong credit ratings from SP, and Fitch of EBB-, Bal, and EBB- respectively (Toll Brothers, 2010). In the face of a slow economy, Toll Brothers is stilled recognized as a good invest- meet by Wall Street. This is due to praise worthy navigation of its operations in the midst of a five year housing recession. Fueled by a buyer demographic that possesses an average PICO score of 751, higher median incomes, and greater net worth (Toll 2010) Toll has witnessed more resiliency against mortgage defaults on product they have developed compared to the industry. This statistic coupled with the power of their brand has pro-vided Toll with the leverage necessary to continue to develop product and restructure all of its capital to more favorable terms. In fact, Toll has no public debt maturing until 2013 thanks to these efforts (Toll 2010). Furthermore, Toll has continued the disposition of built product and undeveloped lots in vulnerable markets reducing its undeveloped lot in-venture to 31,743 for IQ 2010 the same level of inventory as 2000 before the boom-bust of the housing market (Toll 2010). This has allowed Toll to create the financial stability to theater the recession, create a more conservative production model, and increase market share over competitors. Toll continues to operate it primary business as a premier home-builder in all operational regions creating sustained demand for technology investment and support. In addition, its unique capital position and Advertorial TTY know street give It TTY to seek ways to Invest In new technology in an effort to increase efficiency and effectiveness of its mission. Current Operations Toll Brothers operates in 4 United States regions, encompassing 20 states and over 50 markets. Building in over 205 communities is accomplished by end-to-end AP-approach of residential development. End-to-end begins with the acquisition of the develop-moment site, site engineering, home design, construction, customization, financing, and sales. Toll facilitates this through a number of subsidiaries with SEES tasked with engineer-ins functions, Toll Architecture to introduce over 70 new home designs every year, Toll In-degraded to prefabricate building components for over 1 50 models and oversee local sub-contractors, Toll Sales to market, sell, and interface with buyers, and TAB Mortgage to originate retrogress (Toll 2010). Employing a mixed strategy of regional operations with centralized subsidiaries serving all regions requires technology coordination, integration, and extensive travel for a number of key team members. Homes constructed in the West coast receive prefabricated pieces from Toll Integrated located in Philadelphia, Virginia, and Indiana. Furthermore, Toll Integrated acts as the Construction Manager over subcontractors nationally. SEES is tasked with land entitlements nationally, while Toll architects is responsible for creating diverse product responding to local design tastes. The underpinnings and foundation for the successful interaction of the centralized subsidiaries and regional operations rests with robust IT infrastructure (Toll 2010). Toll employs Customer Management Systems (SMS), Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM), and Knowledge Management Systems (SMS) to eliminate redundancy in data and create consistency to allow for more efficient economies of scale, however, with a workforce that is as mobile as finding, implementing, and supporting the right mix of hardware to access these systems is always important and necessary. Certain invest-meets in video-conferencing have been dad to connect the four operational regions, however, the nature of the industry requires physical attendance to a number of functions related to the development process. Proposed Solutions As a function of a normal IT management strategy certain technologies exhaust there useful life and need to be replaced either due to wear and tear, obsoleteness, or other miscellaneous conditions. The useful life for a laptop averages 4-6 years with 5 considered the average (Gush 2004). As the equipment in use by our workforce approaches this threshold a review of what that equipment is replaced tit is ordinary and necessary to IT management. Proposed Solution #1 According to Forrester Consulting (2008) the workforce is becoming increasingly decentralized and enterprises encourage employees to work from home to increase me-people productivity, responsiveness, flexibility, efficiency, and both external and internal customer satisfaction. Therefore, shifting capital investment from desktop computers to notebook computers as a part of the equipment lifestyle program is responsive to the changing work place dynamic. Furthermore, this shift in Investment snouts Increase me-people proactively, responsiveness, Ana inclemency enervating faster results and increased customer satisfaction (Forrester 2008). Notebook users already comprise a notable percentage of enterprise users thus re- squiring previous investment in security solutions for VPN access, file sharing, and ex- change servers. In addition, certain legacy systems have already been designed with web interfaces using internet encryption standards. Therefore, whether entering the system by way of VPN or Web security concerns are mitigated under the standing IT plan (Forrester 2008). This solution while increasing the mobility of the workforce would require funding additional capital to the equipment lifestyle program as laptops can cost up to 40% more than desktops possessing the same components (Computer Buy 2007). Proposed Solution #2 According to Crux (2010) citing a Citric survey: 80% of pad purchases were for business use 84% of organizations will support personal pads; 50% expect their organize-actions to purchase them. 87% cited the primary application to be used on pad as productivity APS. 90% cited the largest benefit of the pad as an increased mobility to work re-mote, at home, or anywhere, 74% cited improved productivity. Forrester (2008) finds that Enterprises could stand to make further notebook in- vestments across all worker segments. Furthermore, Forrester (2008) finds that notebook computers represent almost 40% of enterprise PCs today and that productivity increases by 51 minutes per day compared to desktop users. Computer Buy (2007) finds that the downside to this investment rests with 40% cost increases to invest in a notebook over a desktop causing Capital Budgeting analysis to evaluate the two alternatives. The Apple pad could overcome the downside of notebook pricing given its low cost of investment. With pricing between $500-829 (pre-software) the pad is below most notebooks and below or comparable to desktop computers.

How to Write a Reference Page For Essay Sample

How to Write a Reference Page For Essay SampleSo you want to know how to write a reference page for essay sample. This is probably one of the most important parts of writing an essay. There are so many different writing styles, and it's up to you to make sure that your essay gets done. Luckily, with a little practice, it's very simple to write a reference page for essay sample.My best friend had a great resource for reference pages, but I have to admit, I never really got into it until I was finished with my own. It's kind of like when you first start learning to play guitar or piano - after some time, you begin to enjoy it. The same is true of reference pages.The reference page for essay sample is one of the first things you should start out with. With practice, you'll find yourself looking forward to coming up with new ideas for your reference page. If you can come up with new ideas for your reference page every time you read an essay, then it will become second nature to you.Now t hat you've written the reference page for essay sample, you need to make sure you spellcheck it. Whenever you're reading through an essay, you need to make sure you don't accidentally misspell or add in any mistakes. You don't want to have a reference page for essay sample that has spelling and grammar errors on it.After you're done with your reference page for essay sample, you should have an outline. All you need to do now is figure out how much information you need to include in your essay. If you don't get to this point, it will be difficult to come up with a good summary at the end of your essay.It's also a good idea to have some vocabulary flash cards by the side of your paper. I have to admit, I never did this before, but I just couldn't stop putting them down on my desk. I love being able to read through these flash cards when I'm stuck for a word.Remember, don't worry about how good you think your essay is. Be confident and write your essay the way you want it to be. If you continue to practice writing reference pages for essay sample, you'll soon find yourself coming up with great ideas for your essay.

Conservative, Liberal & Radical approach towards Poverty essays

Conservative, Liberal & Radical approach towards Poverty essays In this paper, I will create an argument towards conservative and liberal approach of poverty, while supporting the radical approach. I will start with the facts about the U.S. poverty. Americans living in poverty have increased significantly. The gap between the rich and the poor is continuously increasing. Race, region, class are some of the important factors that should be taken into consideration when determining who are poor. The Census Bureau report included the following findings: Poverty rate for minorities, Blacks, Hispanics, Asian Americans is continuously increasing. The rate in the south rose to 13.5 percent, from 12.8 percent in 2000. The South is the home to more than 40 percent of all the nations poor. The poverty rate for the suburbs rose to 8.2 percent lasts year from 7.8 percent in 2000. The number of people in suburban area rose by 700,000 to 12 million (RCG, page 288). Who are poor? What causes poverty? What are the solutions? Taking a conservative position to these questions focus will be on the urban class people and the reasons for poverty would be culture of poverty that is, lack of work ethics, female headed households, poverty programs and the government programs. The solutions would be eliminating anti-poverty programs, faith based initiatives, government policies that promote marriage and work. Taking a liberal position to above questions, again the focus will be on urban class and culture of poverty. Poverty is caused by lack of jobs in the post-Fordism economy due the decline of manufacturing jobs and tremendous increase in the service sector jobs. Manufacturing jobs are being outsourced and on the other side people do not have necessary skills or the education for the service industry jobs. The solutions for eradicating poverty taking a liberal position would be more use of macro economic policies, supporting employment through trainin g, child care support and universal...

Leadership and change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership and change management - Essay Example (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Changes viewed also by management may also not be looked upon as change by outsiders like competitors or suppliers. This has led to the categorizing of change in various ways, some of which include strategic and non-strategic change, incremental and radical change, changes of identity, co-ordination and control, planned and emergent change, change in terms of scale, human-centered change in terms of individual, group and inter-group or organizational level, quantum change and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187; Todnem, 2005, p372). Changes can also be structural, that is dealing with the physical alteration of an organization like its buildings and equipment or even employees. (Bennett & Durkin, 2000). On the other hand, it may be a change in process, that is, the way the related group of tasks are combined to create value for a target customer. (Cao et al, 2000, p188). A change can as well be in functions, that is, the decision system or policy and resource alloc ation duties of a particular element of an organization. There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social rules and relationships and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). ... There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social rules and relationships and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Lastly, there can be changes in the distribution of power and level of influence with an organization. These four types of change have different implications on the their total quality management as can be seen in the table below. Table 1. Change Management Classification. Change management classifications Total Quality Management Process change Focuses on process ahead of the other three types of organizational change. Function (structural) change Says little about organizational structure Values (cultural) change Relies on but cannot influence culture Changes in power Is distorted by power in the organization With all the above determinants and types of change outlined, we can then define change management as 'the process of updating on a continuous basis and organization's direction, structure and capabilities to serve the ever evolving needs of the indigenous and exogenous clients'. (Todnem, 2005, p369). It involves identifying the future organizational needs and managing the changes required within the present system to be able to meet these future needs. It is therefore, much linked to organizational strategy. (Todnem, 2005, p369). For the purpose of simplicity, we The first part of the paper looked at the need for change in an organisation. The second part of the paper looks at two different change models. Part three focuses on the implications of change particularly on human behavior. It also develops a plan that addresses the human variables and potential resistance to this change. It will also look at the respective reasons why people are

Educating for Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educating for Leadership - Article Example The article is about instituting a leadership programme in a healthcare environment.   It has identified the problem of nurses lacking opportunities to practice leadership skills in schools.   It recognized the current practice of preparing nurses for leadership roles only when they have been appointed to formal leadership positions.As the paper declares  the leadership programme being espoused in the article aims to progressively develop the leadership skills of nurses early in their careers. Implicit here is that it is a long-term programme and that leadership skills are not acquired overnight but can be developed through time.   There is a need to have this programme because leadership quality impacts the quality of patient care and staff satisfaction. Various literatures cited in the article point this out.   Studies have shown the relationship between good nursing leadership and good quality nursing care.   Moreover, constructive leadership behaviours lead to increas ed patient satisfaction, reductions in patient adverse events and decreased complications in various care settings.   Effective nursing leadership resulted in staff retention.   With good nurse leaders, the quality of both patient care and patient and staff satisfaction improves.  The leadership programme described in the article was instituted at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Australia, one of the leading hospitals in teaching and research. This hospital employs over 5,000 personnel of which 2,500 are nursing staff. The programme was comprised of two parts namely, the emerging leader and the developing leader. The emerging leader was designed to foster the acquisition of the beginning leadership skills. The emerging leader workshop is done within the graduate year of the registered nurses. Among the topics included in this workshop are the principles of learning and teaching, performance assessment and conflict management. This workshop has to be completed before the participants can go to the next level of the developing leader. The developing leader workshop consists of personal, interpersonal and professional leadership skills. The personal leadership activities are targeted at developing trust and increasing self-esteem. Interpersonal leadership on the other hand, aspires to develop the nurses’ abilities to work effectively with a team and providing them with feedback with regards to their performance. The professional leadership skills are more concerned with various management tools such as introducing changes in the work environment, identifying problem areas and proposing